Highlights & Basics
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells.
- At presentation, approximately 50% of patients may be asymptomatic. Symptoms, if present, typically include malaise, fever, weight loss, abdominal discomfort, and night sweats.
- Splenomegaly is the most common physical finding; nearly all patients will have elevated WBC count.
- Presence of Philadelphia chromosome and/or molecular demonstration of the BCR::ABL1 transcript confirms diagnosis.
- Treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gives long-term remission without significant adverse events in most patients.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Citations
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic myeloid leukemia [internet publication].[Full Text]
Hochhaus A, Baccarani M, Silver RT, et al. European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2020 Apr;34(4):966-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(Suppl 4):iv41-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
Smith G, Apperley J, Milojkovic D, et al. A British Society for Haematology guideline on the diagnosis and management of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2020 Oct;191(2):171-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
1. Sawyers C. Chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 29;340(17):1330-40.[Abstract]
2. Hochhaus A, O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, et al. Six-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for the first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2009 Jun;23(6):1054-61.[Abstract]
3. Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, et al; IRIS Investigators. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2408-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
4. Sokal JE, Cox EB, Baccarani M, et al. Prognostic discrimination in "good-risk" chronic granulocytic leukemia. Blood. 1984 Apr;63(4):789-99.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. Hasford J, Pfirrmann M, Hehlmann R, et al; Writing Committee for the Collaborative CML Prognostic Factors Project Group. A new prognostic score for survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon alfa. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Jun 3;90(11):850-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
6. Pfirrmann M, Baccarani M, Saussele S, et al. Prognosis of long-term survival considering disease-specific death in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2016 Jan;30(1):48-56.[Abstract]
7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic myeloid leukemia [internet publication].[Full Text]
8. Hochhaus A, Baccarani M, Silver RT, et al. European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2020 Apr;34(4):966-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Zhang XS, Gale RP, Huang XJ, et al. Is the Sokal or EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) score a better predictor of responses and outcomes in persons with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine-kinase inhibitors? Leukemia. 2022 Feb;36(2):482-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Pfirrmann M, Clark RE, Prejzner W, et al. The EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) score is superior to the Sokal score for predicting survival in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2020 Aug;34(8):2138-49.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. Goldman J. ABC of clinical haematology: chronic myeloid leukaemia. BMJ. 1997 Mar 1;314(7081):657-60. [Erratum in: BMJ 1997 Mar 15;314(7083):812.][Abstract][Full Text]
12. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023 Jan;73(1):17-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
13. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer stat facts: leukemia - chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
14. Ali Hailan YM, Al-Dubai HN, Yassin MA. Chronic myeloid leukemia following exposure to radioactive iodine (I131): a systematic review. Oncology. 2023;101(6):362-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
15. Tsushima H, Iwanaga M, Miyazaki Y. Late effect of atomic bomb radiation on myeloid disorders: leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Int J Hematol. 2012 Mar;95(3):232-8.[Abstract]
16. Faderl S, Talpaz M, Estrov Z, et al. The biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 15;341(3):164-72.[Abstract]
17. American Cancer Society. Risk factors for chronic myeloid leukemia. Feb 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
18. Jones D, Kamel-Reid S, Bahler D, et al. Laboratory practice guidelines for detecting and reporting BCR-ABL drug resistance mutations in chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn. 2009 Jan;11(1):4-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Adnan-Awad S, Kim D, Hohtari H, et al. Characterization of p190-Bcr-Abl chronic myeloid leukemia reveals specific signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. Leukemia. 2021 Jul;35(7):1964-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
20. Adnan-Awad S, Hohtari H, Javarappa KK, et al. BCR-ABL1 p190 in CML: a minor breakpoint with a major impact. Blood. 2019 Nov;134(1 suppl):190.[Full Text]
21. Au WY, Caguioa PB, Chuah C, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia in Asia. Int J Hematol. 2009 Jan;89(1):14-23.[Abstract]
22. Kuan JW, Melaine Michael S. The epidemiology of chronic myeloid leukaemia in southern Sarawak, Borneo Island. Med J Malaysia. 2018 Apr;73(2):78-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
23. Jootar S. CML treatment in Asia-Pacific region. Hematology. 2012 Apr;17 Suppl 1:S72-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Mendizabal AM, Garcia-Gonzalez P, Levine PH. Regional variations in age at diagnosis and overall survival among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia from low and middle income countries. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013 Jun;37(3):247-54.[Abstract]
25. Ural AU, Beyzadeoglu M, Avcu F, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix: report of a case and brief review of the literature. Am J Hematol. 2007 May;82(5):415-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
26. Miyoshi I, Mori M, Yamasaki I, et al. Is there an entity of radiation-induced chronic myeloid leukemia? Report of a case and brief review of the literature. J Clin Exp Hematop. 2020;60(1):24-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
27. Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, et al. Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2015 Jul;2(7):e276-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
28. Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2018 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring. Am J Hematol. 2018 Mar;93(3):442-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
29. Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM. Clinical features at diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia seen at a referral center over a 16-year period. Br J Haematol. 1997 Jan;96(1):111-6.[Abstract]
30. Liu Z, Shi Y, Yan Z, et al. Impact of anemia on the outcomes of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia in TKI era. Hematology. 2020 Dec;25(1):181-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
31. Sevastos N, Theodossiades G, Efstathiou S, et al. Pseudohyperkalemia in serum: the phenomenon and its clinical magnitude. J Lab Clin Med. 2006 Mar;147(3):139-44.[Abstract]
32. Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(Suppl 4):iv41-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
33. Cross NC, Feng L, Chase A, et al. Competitive polymerase chain reaction to estimate the number of BCR-ABL transcripts of chronic myeloid leukemia patients after bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1993 Sep 15;82(6):1929-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2391-405.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. The chronic myeloid leukemias: guidelines for distinguishing chronic granulocytic, atypical chronic myeloid, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias. Proposals by the French-American-British Cooperative Leukemia Group. Br J Haematol. 1994 Aug;87(4):746-54.[Abstract]
36. Tefferi A, Thiele J, Orazi A, et al. Proposals and rationale for revision of the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis: recommendations from an ad hoc international expert panel. Blood. 2007 Aug 15;110(4):1092-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. Kantarjian HM, Deisseroth A, Kurzrock R, et al. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: a concise update. Blood. 1993 Aug 1;82(3):691-703.[Abstract][Full Text]
38. Cree IA. The WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1701-2.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1703-19.[Abstract][Full Text]
40. Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian RP, et al. International consensus classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias: integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. Blood. 2022 Sep 15;140(11):1200-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
41. Alberta Health Services. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Oct 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
42. Smith G, Apperley J, Milojkovic D, et al. A British Society for Haematology guideline on the diagnosis and management of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2020 Oct;191(2):171-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
43. Bower H, Björkholm M, Dickman PW, et al. Life expectancy of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia approaches the life expectancy of the general population. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Aug 20;34(24):2851-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Sasaki K, Strom SS, O'Brien S, et al. Relative survival in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia in the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor era: analysis of patient data from six prospective clinical trials. Lancet Haematol. 2015 May;2(5):e186-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Cortes JE, Talpaz M, Giles F, et al. Prognostic significance of cytogenetic clonal evolution in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia on imatinib mesylate therapy. Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):3794-800.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Cortes J, Quintás-Cardama A, Kantarjian HM. Monitoring molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2011 Mar 15;117(6):1113-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Radich JP, Hochhaus A, Masszi T, et al. Treatment-free remission following frontline nilotinib in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: 5-year update of the ENESTfreedom trial. Leukemia. 2021 May;35(5):1344-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
48. O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al; IRIS Investigators. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 13;348(11):994-1004.[Abstract][Full Text]
49. Hochhaus A, Larson RA, Guilhot F, et al. Long-term outcomes of imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 9;376(10):917-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
50. Kalmanti L, Saussele S, Lauseker M, et al. Safety and efficacy of imatinib in CML over a period of 10 years: data from the randomized CML-study IV. Leukemia. 2015 May;29(5):1123-32.[Abstract]
51. Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med.2006 Jun 15;354(24):2542-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, et al. Intermittent target inhibition with dasatinib 100 mg once daily preserves efficacy and improves tolerability in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3204-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
53. Talpaz M, Shah N, Kantarjian H, et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2531-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
54. Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Brümmendorf TH, et al. Safety and efficacy of bosutinib (SKI-606) in chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4567-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
55. Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2251-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
56. Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, et al. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012 Oct;26(10):2197-203.[Abstract]
57. Cortes JE, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Deininger MW, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib for newly fiagnosed vhronic myeloid leukemia: results From the randomized BFORE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 20;36(3):231-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Cortes JE, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM, et al. Final 5-Year study results of DASISION: the dasatinib versus imatinib study in treatment-naïve chronic myeloid leukemia patients trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jul 10;34(20):2333-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
59. Brümmendorf TH, Cortes JE, Milojkovic D, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: final results from the BFORE trial. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1825-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Kantarjian HM, Hughes TP, Larson RA, et al. Long-term outcomes with frontline nilotinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 10-year analysis. Leukemia. 2021 Feb;35(2):440-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. Branford S, Melo JV, Hughes TP. Selecting optimal second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia patients after imatinib failure: does the BCR-ABL mutation status really matter? Blood. 2009 Dec 24;114(27):5426-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
62. Saussele S, Haverkamp W, Lang F, et al. Ponatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia: recommendations of a German Expert Consensus Panel with Focus on Cardiovascular Management. Acta Haematol. 2020;143(3):217-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Müller MC, Cervantes F, Hjorth-Hansen H, et al. Ponatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): consensus on patient treatment and management from a European expert panel. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017 Dec;120:52-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. Hughes TP, Mauro MJ, Cortes JE, et al. Asciminib in chronic myeloid leukemia after ABL kinase inhibitor failure. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 12;381(24):2315-26.[Abstract][Full Text]
65. Réa D, Mauro MJ, Boquimpani C, et al. A phase 3, open-label, randomized study of asciminib, a STAMP inhibitor, vs bosutinib in CML after 2 or more prior TKIs. Blood. 2021 Nov 25;138(21):2031-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al; PACE Investigators. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 7;369(19):1783-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
67. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ponatinib (Iclusig): reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Oct 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
68. Cortes J, Apperley J, Lomaia E, et al. Ponatinib dose-ranging study in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: a randomized, open-label phase 2 clinical trial. Blood. 2021 Nov 25;138(21):2042-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Pulte ED, Chen H, Price LSL, et al. FDA approval summary: revised indication and dosing regimen for ponatinib based on the results of the OPTIC trial. Oncologist. 2022 Mar 4;27(2):149-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
70. Hochhaus A, Réa D, Boquimpani C, et al. Asciminib vs bosutinib in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia previously treated with at least two tyrosine kinase inhibitors: longer-term follow-up of ASCEMBL. Leukemia. 2023 Mar;37(3):617-26.[Abstract][Full Text]
71. Yeung DT, Shanmuganathan N, Hughes TP. Asciminib: a new therapeutic option in chronic-phase CML with treatment failure. Blood. 2022 Jun 16;139(24):3474-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Cortes J, Lipton JH, Rea D, et al; Omacetaxine 202 Study Group. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate after TKI failure in patients with chronic-phase CML with T315I mutation. Blood. 2012 Sep 27;120(13):2573-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Cortes J, Digumarti R, Parikh PM, et al. Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to or intolerant of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2013 May;88(5):350-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM, Rea D, et al. Final analysis of the efficacy and safety of omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with chronic- or accelerated-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: results with 24 months of follow-up. Cancer. 2015 May 15;121(10):1637-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
75. Alvandi F, Kwitkowski VE, Ko CW, et al. U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval summary: omacetaxine mepesuccinate as treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncologist. 2014 Jan;19(1):94-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
76. Winer ES, DeAngelo DJ. A review of omacetaxine: a chronic myeloid leukemia treatment resurrected. Oncol Ther. 2018 Jun;6(1):9-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Saifullah HH, Lucas CM. Treatment-free remission in chronic myeloid leukemia: can we identify prognostic factors? Cancers (Basel). 2021 Aug 19;13(16):4175.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Ross DM, Hughes TP. Treatment-free remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020 Aug;17(8):493-503.[Abstract]
79. Saussele S, Richter J, Guilhot J, et al. Discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in chronic myeloid leukaemia (EURO-SKI): a prespecified interim analysis of a prospective, multicentre, non-randomised, trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jun;19(6):747-57.[Abstract]
80. Niederwieser C, Kröger N. Transplantation in CML in the TKI era: who, when, and how? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2022 Dec 9;2022(1):114-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
81. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic cell transplantation [internet publication].[Full Text]
82. Lübking A, Dreimane A, Sandin F, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia in the TKI era: population-based data from the Swedish CML registry. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2019 Nov;54(11):1764-74.[Abstract]
83. Shimada H, Tanizawa A, Kondo T, et al. Prognostic factors for outcomes of allogeneic HSCT for children and adolescents/young adults with CML in the TKI era. Transplant Cell Ther. 2022 Jul;28(7):376-89.[Abstract][Full Text]
84. Niederwieser C, Morozova E, Zubarovskaya L, et al. Risk factors for outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced phase CML. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2021 Nov;56(11):2834-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. Kantarjian H, Cortes J, Kim DW, et al. Phase 3 study of dasatinib 140 mg once daily versus 70 mg twice daily in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase resistant or intolerant to imatinib: 15-month median follow-up. Blood. 2009 Jun 18;113(25):6322-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
86. Deau B, Nicolini FE, Guilhot J, et al. The addition of daunorubicin to imatinib mesylate in combination with cytarabine improves the response rate and the survival of patients with myeloid blast crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (AFR01 study). Leuk Res. 2011 Jun;35(6):777-82.[Abstract]
87. Copland M, Slade D, McIlroy G, et al. Ponatinib with fludarabine, cytarabine, idarubicin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor chemotherapy for patients with blast-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (MATCHPOINT): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022 Feb;9(2):e121-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
88. Copland M. Treatment of blast phase chronic myeloid leukaemia: a rare and challenging entity. Br J Haematol. 2022 Dec;199(5):665-78.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Abaza Y, Kantarjian H, Alwash Y, et al. Phase I/II study of dasatinib in combination with decitabine in patients with accelerated or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2020 Nov;95(11):1288-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Ruggiu M, Oberkampf F, Ghez D, et al. Azacytidine in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors induced durable responses in patients with advanced phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018 Jul;59(7):1659-65.[Abstract]
91. Strati P, Kantarjian H, Thomas D, et al. HCVAD plus imatinib or dasatinib in lymphoid blastic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2014 Feb 1;120(3):373-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. ClinicalTrials.gov. TKI and interferon alpha evaluation initiated by the German Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Study Group - the TIGER Study (TIGER). NCT01657604. May 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
93. Hochhaus A, Burchert A, Saußele S, et al. S157: nilotinib vs. nilotinib + peg-interferon alphalpha induction and nilotinib or peg-interferon alphalpha maintenance therapy for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia patients - the TIGER trial. Hemasphere. 2023 Aug;7(Suppl):e4695659.[Full Text]
94. ClinicalTrials.gov. A pivotal study of HQP1351 in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase with T315I mutation. NCT03883100. Apr 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
95. ClinicalTrials.gov. A pivotal study of HQP1351 in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with T315I mutation. NCT03883087. Apr 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
96. ClinicalTrials.gov. A pivotal study of HQP1351 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. NCT04126681. Apr 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
97. Kantarjian H, Sawyers C, Hochhaus A, et al; International STI571 CML Study Group. Hematologic and cytogenetic responses to imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 28;346(9):645-52. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1923.][Abstract][Full Text]
98. Hughes TP, Hochhaus A, Branford S, et al; IRIS investigators. Long-term prognostic significance of early molecular response to imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia: an analysis from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS). Blood. 2010 Nov 11;116(19):3758-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Branford S, Yeung DT, Parker WT, et al. Prognosis for patients with CML and >10% BCR-ABL1 after 3 months of imatinib depends on the rate of BCR-ABL1 decline. Blood. 2014 Jul 24;124(4):511-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Jain P, Kantarjian HM, Ghorab A, et al. Prognostic factors and survival outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast phase in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era: cohort study of 477 patients. Cancer. 2017 Nov 15;123(22):4391-402.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Fachi MM, Tonin FS, Leonart LP, et al. Haematological adverse events associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukaemia: a network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Oct;85(10):2280-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Cortes JE, Jimenez CA, Mauro MJ, et al. Pleural effusion in dasatinib-treated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: identification and management. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017 Feb;17(2):78-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
103. Brixey AG, Light RW. Pleural effusions due to dasatinib. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010 Jul;16(4):351-6.[Abstract]
104. Moslehi JJ, Deininger M. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated cardiovascular toxicity in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Dec 10;33(35):4210-8.[Abstract]
105. Jain P, Kantarjian H, Boddu PC, et al. Analysis of cardiovascular and arteriothrombotic adverse events in chronic-phase CML patients after frontline TKIs. Blood Adv. 2019 Mar 26;3(6):851-61.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Jabbour E, Cortes JE, Kantarjian HM. Suboptimal response to or failure of imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia: what is the optimal strategy? Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Feb;84(2):161-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Müller MC, Cross NC, Erben P, et al. Harmonization of molecular monitoring of CML therapy in Europe. Leukemia. 2009 Nov;23(11):1957-63.[Abstract]
Key Articles
Other Online Resources
Referenced Articles
Sign in to access our clinical decision support tools