Highlights & Basics
- Type 2 diabetes therapy for all patients hinges around a personalized self-management program, usually developed with the patient by a diabetes education nurse or nutritionist.
- Lifestyle changes plus metformin are initial antihyperglycemic therapy for most patients. Glycemic goals and treatment choices are individualized. Due to the progressive nature of the condition, it often requires escalation/combination of therapy.
- Blood pressure control, lipid management (statin therapy), smoking cessation, and glycemic management reduce the risk of macrovascular complications such as heart attack and stroke. Glycemic control and blood pressure management reduce the risk of microvascular complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy).
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(suppl 1):S1-4.[Full Text]
Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):731-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al. Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16;379(7):633-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.[Abstract][Full Text]
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